The Morality Of Same Sex Marriage - 2166 Words

The morality of same-sex marriage is a major controversial issue in the United States today. While Liberals believe that marriage should be the union of two people who love each other and that it should be legal for gay and lesbian individuals in order to ensure equal rights for all citizens, Conservatives believe that marriage is the union of one woman and one man only and that requiring citizens to sanction same-sex relationships violates moral and religious beliefs. Taking opposing viewpoints of this issue are both philosophers David Boonin and Jeff Jordan who discuss the public dilemma of same-sex marriage within their articles. Through the use of counterarguments to the premises made by Jeff Jordan, as well as by discussing various†¦show more content†¦After providing a set of premises as to why one would hold the parity thesis- which states that homosexuality has the same moral status as heterosexuality- true; Jordan attacks these claims by objecting to the first premise which states that homosexual acts between consenting adults do not harm anyone, and the fourth which explains that discrimination against homosexuals removes individual freedom as it ignores personal choice and privacy [Jordan 2]. He states that these premises are only plausible when these acts are done in private, concluding that one should only be able to discriminate homosexual behavior if it is done in public. This premise is an assumption made by Jordan that unlike homosexual acts, people enjoy viewing heterosexual acts that are displayed publically. This premise assumes that the majority of society accepts viewing heterosexu al behavior in public, but are uncomfortable with viewing public homosexual acts. To set up his argument in support of the Difference Thesis, Jordan creates a scenario in which one person believes that subject â€Å"X† is morally wrong but another person believes it is morally permissible, calling this conflict an â€Å"impasse† (Jordan 42). He continues to define â€Å"public dilemma† as special case impasses and

Essay on Biostatistics for Public Health - 1336 Words

My health profession is focus on biostatistics. Biostatistics is a branch science of statistics, which is a core discipline in public health. It focuses on developing and applying the statistical techniques and methods to analyzed data to extract necessary information. Its interesting area does not limits to biological science, the research work covers medicine, pharmacy, public health and agriculture.[Wikipedia] As an integral part of public health, biostatistics is responsible for understanding a health event to design experiments, collecting data for the experiments, understanding the collected data and making inferences and interpretations base on the analyzed results. The interpretations could used to forecast a health event, identify†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Relative Risk In the first unit, we talked about the concept of relative risk. Relative risk is the ratio of the probability of a health event in the exposed group to the probability of the event in the non-exposed group. It is be used to figure out how a factor relates to the health problem. Generally, if the ratio of relative risk is greater than 1, then we could say the likelihood for the exposed group suffering the health problem is higher than the non-exposed group and suggest the suspected risk factor is related to the health problem. While, the bigger the ratio, the more relevant between the risk factor and the health problem. [Lecturettee] How relative risk relates to biostatistics The relative risk is designed to determine how a risk factor relates to a health event. Considering the in-class example which want to find whether smoking is related to coronary heart disease (CHD), the experiment was set as recruiting 2 groups of people, one is consist of smokers and the other is consist of non-smokers. Researchers made surveillance on them for a period of time and then find out how many of them have CHD after the experiment period. The relative risk is the ratio of the rate of CHD for smokers to the rate of CHD for non-smokers. From this example, it could be found that calculating the relative risk relates to the functions of data collection, applying statistical techniques to the health problem and make conclusionShow MoreRelatedA Study On A Practicum940 Words   |  4 Pagesability to apply public health theory and knowledge, while gaining professional experience is an integral part in the course of meeting educational and career goals. In the following analysi s, I will discuss how my experience applies to the aforementioned practicum benefits. Biostatistics competencies were the main focus of the completed practicum. Specifically, the practicum allowed me to conduct a statistical data analysis of a study focusing on student performance and integrative health interventionsRead MoreRingworm1178 Words   |  5 PagesUNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY HEALTH SCIENCES CHS 623: Biostatistics Fall 2012 Instructor Information: Danielle Fastring, PhD, MS, MPH Dept Community Health Sciences Office Address: 108 North 31st Avenue Hattiesburg, MS 39406 E-mail: Danielle.Fastring@usm.edu Time and Place: Monday 3:30 – 6:15 FG113 Text: Daniel, W. W. (2009). Biostatistics: A Foundation for Analysis in the Health Sciences, 9th edition. NY: John Wiley amp; Sons. CourseRead MoreThe Scope Of Public Health1076 Words   |  5 Pagesto the role of public health. We rely on public health officials to assess the health status of whatever population they are responsible for, to create and fulfill suitable plans of action that improve living conditions for those people. 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The knowledge gained through the social sciences, Biostatistics, epidemiology, laboratory science, pharmacology, proteomics, genomics and biochemistry has facilitated the advancement and growth of public health. In addition, the involved practitioners vary. In addition to the nurses, doctors, nutritionists, and engineers, the systemRead MorePublic Health Deals With Community Health Problems Essay819 Words   |  4 Pages1. Public Health deals with community health problems. Public health is consisted to be the forefront in preventing disease, and prolonging an individual’s life and promoting health through the systematized efforts of the organizations. Pu blic health also handles any concerns of possible threat(s) to the public health based on population health analysis. Public health joins the interdisciplinary methods of epidemiology, biostatistics and health services, environmental health, community health, behavioralRead MoreWebsite Review and Summary Paper846 Words   |  4 Pagespeople have relied on their health care providers for medical treatments. Now a day, people have the opportunity to research about any illness, medical concern, medical diagnosis and any type of disease in the Internet. There are many health care organizations that offer people around the world with information about drugs, illnesses, diseases, outbreaks, treatments, preventions and the list goes endless. In this paper the writer will review and summarize governmental health agency websites. TheRead MoreHealthcare : A Great Deal789 Words   |  4 PagesMedicare and Medicaid so that the ageing and low income population would get health insurance and to reduce disparities related to socio economic status. Now due to Affordable Care Act there is decrease in uninsured population as it has helped the population by reducing the premium the pay for the health insurance, which has allowed the underinsured, uninsured population and small business employers to enroll in the health insurance that will suffice their needs. The Affordable Care Act diminishesRead MoreA Research Study On Preventive Medicine978 Words   |  4 Pagessaving a life, but when you are a public health personnel, you are saving thousands of lives at a time’, delivered by my professor in the orientation class of undergraduate Community Medicine course. That introductory speech was so motivating that I contemplated for a while, should I be in the ‘thousands life saver’ group? Though i nspiring, that speech alone was not sufficient to grow my interest in public health. Day by day I felt the importance of public health while dealing with various patientsRead MoreStatement of Purpose Essay1051 Words   |  5 Pagessomething that would grip my mind and keep me thirsting for more, I was captivated by the sphere of public health and similar issues which were not localized to any one nation but had global ramifications if not arrested on time. My search ended for I had found my calling. Today a desire to be a part of the leading force of public health professionals brings me to the Masters Degree course in Public Health at your University. An ambitious, energetic and dedicated student I have been diligent about

Links Free Essays

What is our government’s stance on the genetic engineering of humans? According to the links consulted, the government of the United States is cautiously allowing some genetic engineering research to proceed, such as gene transfer research seeking to correct or treat disease. There does not appear to be a coherent policy on permitting trait selection for reproduction purposes though ethical questions of this nature are starting to be asked.   President Bush, has said â€Å"Our children are gifts to be loved and protected, not products to be designed and manufactured â€Å", which is certainly a more definitive stance than is present in regulation or law presently, and so appears opposed to genetic engineering for the purpose of selecting traits of offspring. We will write a custom essay sample on Links or any similar topic only for you Order Now http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/04/20020410-4.html Summary of Regulatory environment. What is our government’s stance on cloning? At present, there isn’t any specific law banning Human cloning per se.   However, due to the extreme public response and with President Bush’s ban on federal funding for such research, it could be said that the government is hostile toward human cloning. This stance is based on the ethical consideration of Human Life,   and was summed up by President Bush: I believe all human cloning is wrong, and both forms of cloning ought to be banned, for the following reasons. First, anything other than a total ban on human cloning would be unethical. Research cloning would contradict the most fundamental principle of medical ethics, that no human life should be exploited or extinguished for the benefit of another. (Applause.) Yet a law permitting research cloning, while forbidding the birth of a cloned child, would require the destruction of nascent human life. Secondly, anything other than a total ban on human cloning would be virtually impossible to enforce. Cloned human embryos created for research would be widely available in laboratories and embryo farms. Once cloned embryos were available, implantation would take place. Even the tightest regulations and strict policing would not prevent or detect the birth of cloned babies. Third, the benefits of research cloning are highly speculative. Advocates of research cloning argue that stem cells obtained from cloned embryos would be injected into a genetically identical individual without risk of tissue rejection. But there is evidence, based on animal studies, that cells derived from cloned embryos may indeed be rejected. Yet even if research cloning were medically effective, every person who wanted to benefit would need an embryonic clone of his or her own, to provide the designer tissues. This would create a massive national market for eggs and egg donors, and exploitation of women’s bodies that we cannot and must not allow. I stand firm in my opposition to human cloning. And at the same time, we will pursue other promising and ethical ways to relieve suffering through biotechnology. This year for the first time, federal dollars will go towards supporting human embryonic stem cell research consistent with the ethical guidelines I announced †¦.. President’s Bioethics Council report on Cloning What are some possible new genetic modifications we are likely to see soon?   We are likely to see an explosion of gm crops and animal food products and even ‘biopharm’ ( Animals designed so they produce drugs or other chemicals) breeds of certain species.   For example, according to the FDA, â€Å"new versions of familiar foods–ones that are custom â€Å"built† to improve quality or remove unwanted traits. Insect-resistant apples, long-lasting raspberries, and potatoes that absorb less fat are among the more than 50 plant products under study now that are likely to reside soon on grocers’ shelves.† According to press reports, genetic researchers studying the limited gene pools of   isolated communities such as the Amish and Mennonites are accumulating valuable insight into the genetic markers of a number of diseases including Sudden Infant Death Syndrome.   This research may bring about numerous genetic treatments for these diseases. Genetic research in limited Gene pool populations is yielding tremendous research benefits. From the Associated Press. University of Virginia discusses future uses of Biotechnology What are some laws that may be introduced to handle the legal issues of genetic engineering? Look at both Human and agriculture laws. Laws or regulations on labeling, bio-containment and review processes for genetically modified (transgenic) animals and plants are likely in the near future.   In Canada herbicide-resistant canola is becoming a â€Å"super-weed† in prairie areas.   Stricter farming regulations and requirements the GM crop must meet are likely to result. The US Senate moved in a near unanimous manner to begin the process of preventing the world portrayed in the film Gattica from becoming a reality by passing S306 â€Å"Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2005†Ã‚   Which would prevent discrimination in employment or insurance on genetic basis.   Something of this magnitude probably needs to be approached as an amendment though. Legislation can be repealed.   Currently this measure is waiting on action in the House of Representatives.   The bill is supported by the NIH and by the whitehouse. Other laws designed to prohibit the traffic and trade of human beings or organisms based on human genetic code, as well as attempts to create human/animal hybrids are probably to be expected, and are on the Policy agenda of the President’s advisory Committee for Bioethics. Director of National Human Genome Research Institute comment on Senate Bill. Contains the targeted legislative goals of the Presidential Administration’s Council on BioEthics. JOURNAL Stopping cloning or genetic engineering would be nearly impossible now.   The ‘idea’ is already established, and it has been shown that â€Å"it can be done.†Ã‚   Suppression of this technology would require a worldwide coalition more effective than the current anti-proliferation mechanisms set up for nuclear technology.   After World War II and the power of Nuclear weapons began to be understood, the United States attempted to suppress the information to prevent other nations from developing their own programs.   One after another of the allies developed their own weapons following the Soviet Union’s Development. Suppression has been mostly successful only with nations volunteering to remain non-nuclear or accepting large economic rewards for remaining so.   However three (possibly five) nations have developed weapons programs (Pakistan, India, North Korea) in the last 6 years; additionally,   Israel is suspected of having undeclared weapons for some time, and Iran has announced the intent to develop a peaceful nuclear program for power production, which some suspect would be a cover for a weapons program.   Research into this area by 3rd world countries is made easier for knowing that the result is attainable. The difficulties in monitoring become apparent when one considers that the world was taken by surprise when both Pakistan and India announced their new capabilities within months of each other.   The United States admitted to being flatfooted and having no intelligence at all about the developments.   Recent experience in Iraq in attempting to track and account for Sadaam’s mobile chemical laboratories and work centers show that similar facilities used for genetic research could be very difficult to find and shut down. The frightening thing about technology is that humanity typically utilizes it in conflict before turning it to more peaceful purposes; this has been true of all our history, but is especially characteristic of modern technology.   Interchangable parts, making mass production possible, was first used to produce thousands of rifles.   Rockets were first used to deliver explosives, long before they were used for exploration.   Computers were first used for calculating artillery ballistics, and then for assisting in simulations of various weapons effects (and still are used for this). Aircraft, though initially a curiosity, were quickly developed from little more than kites to devices that have come to dominate modern warfare in a space of two decades   and continue to become more sophisticated in both military and civilian applications.   Genetic Engineering, has so far been pacific in its uses in the 21st century but the closely related eugenics sciences, especially in Nazi Germany, have ominous implications for the mis-use of genetic science.   Having direct access to genetic materials of humanity and other organisms, some may attempt to tailor disease organisms to attack certain genotypes in an effort to eliminate an ethnic enemy or â€Å"inferior.†Ã‚   Doubly troubling is the emergence of useful nanotechnology; together nanotechnology and genetic engineering could create complementary and wonderful   advances or equally horrible and devastating weapons that can wreak havoc not only on human life but the entire biosphere and the current balance of species in the environment. Indeed, genetic engineering may be a difficult test of humanity’s maturity.   Even peaceful uses require the utmost scrutiny. Because we don’t know all the rules in this field yet, unintended consequences are certain to occur.   This field will require the best from our scientists, researchers, and regulatory agents to ensure that the promise of the technology is realized while minimizing or eliminating its dangers. How to cite Links, Essay examples

Code Of Ethics In Modern Corporations †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Code Of Ethics In Modern Corporations. Answer: Introduction Ethics has become the top priority for 21st Century corporations. This comes at a time when a lot of organizations have adopted unethical business principles (Lawrence and Weber, 2014). The society has developed an attitude of impatience towards unethical corporations. Their actions enrich a few people and impoverish the majority. For example, under the leadership of Carly Fiorina, Hewlett Packard proved its pledge to the code of ethics. The former Chief Executive Officer said that under her tenure at the company, she made difficult choices, including firing individuals who lacked integrity (Ely and Rhode, 2010). Her actions contrast that of R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, which was found to be covering up information about nicotine addiction (Derthick, 2011). From the two examples, even though in one instance action was taken against individuals who lacked ethics, it is evident that many organizations lack ethics. It is a culture that is no longer common in many institutions. Talking about organizational responsibility and accountability is impractical without mentioning ethics. Irresponsible behavior in businesses and corporations is so typical in this day and age. For instance, corporations in the manufacturing sector have failed to ensure the safety of employees making accidents a common occurrence. Greed and selfish reasons have caused corporate entities to lose objectivity (Grappi et al. 2013, 1819). As a result, they vindicate unethical practices while focusing on making profits. It is in this regard that the code of ethics has become synonymous with many entities, and is a tool that is useful in modern corporations. Understanding the Code of Ethics Understanding the code of ethics is fundamental to appreciating its importance in business or ordinary life. A code of ethics is a set of guiding principles that direct corporate practices to reflect societal concerns without necessarily pursuing profits (Erwin, 2011, 539). Societal concerns signify the growing levels of impatience in the irresponsible and selfish practices exhibited by many institutions in the 21st Century (Painter-Morland, 2010). The institutional principles, standards, values, and norms not only apply to the organizations, but also to the individuals in those entities altogether. Corporate code of ethics has descriptive and normative dimensions. In corporate practice and career specialty, the field is predominantly normative. However, academicians trying to comprehend organizational ethical behavior adopt descriptive techniques. The quantity and range of issues mirror the relationship between behavior meant to maximize profit, and those that are non-economic. Historical Background Interest in the corporate code of ethics accelerated significantly in the late 80s and early 90s, especially with the advancements in technology. For instance, company executives faced a dilemma in balancing the privacy of its customers and employees, as well as the freedom accorded to the workforce. Another difficulty was in ensuring that technology was used for legitimate business activities. However, this has not been the case in many organizations. Major businesses in the 21st Century endorse their pledge to non-economic tenets under slogans such as corporate social responsibility charters and the ethics code. Adam Smith once said that individuals with the same trade seldom meet, even to make merry. However, their conversations usually end in conspiracies against the innocent members of the public. In some instances, some conniving on how to raise the prices of goods (Maon et al. 2010). An example is an ethical scandal witnessed with Wells Fargo Company. Some company employees created fake account details using real names of the entitys clients. Governments have not been spared either. They have been accused of enacting legislation that guides businesses and corporate entities in what is perceived to be advantageous ways. Codes of ethics are meant to regulate details and areas that are beyond state influence. The advent of large multinationals with limited interactions and sensitivity to the society in which they operate hasten ed the development of the code of ethics regimes. Ethical business norms have evolved. The result is that it caused the acceptable behavior to be objectionable. Companies began taking their moral importance seriously to distance themselves from scandals that were synonymous back in the 80s. The concept of the ethics code of practice caught the attention of media, corporates and academics by the end of the Cold War. However, during this era, criticism of corporate practices was attacked and accused of infringing on the rights of entrepreneurs. Critics, however, were accused of supporting communists. This scampered the discourse of business ethics in academia and media. The corporate ethical code reflects its philosophy of activities, where it determines the principal purpose of an entity that includes transparency among other issues. If a companys reason for existence is to maximize investors returns, then to concentrate on profits violates its fiduciary responsibility. Accounting scandals such as that of the pharmacy giant Mylan, who imposed huge charges to the subscribers of its life-saving EpiPen is one of the examples in this case. Corporate entities are considered as persons in many countries. They are, therefore, legally entitled to liabilities and rights due to citizens as people. Ethics should govern our daily lives, as employees of business entities or as ordinary individuals who go about their everyday occurrences. Many people equate it with consciousness or a simple sense of right or wrong. Others would say that it is an internal code governing individuals conduct. Corporations and professional entities have written code of ethics governing the professional standards expected in all fields. It is important to be cognizant of the fact that ethics and law are two different parameters. Moreover, ethical and legal courses of action in a particular situation is not the same. The law is set forth in the regulations and statutes that are enacted by the legislative bodies and administrative entities. For instance, in America, slavery was considered a lawful act. However, enslaving another person is unethical. Milton Friedman, an economist, argues that corporate executive responsibility generally will be to maximize shareholder value while conforming to the basic societal rules, both those in the ethical customs and law. He adds that the only entities that can have responsibilities are people. A business cannot have the same (Carroll and Shabana, 2010, 90). The question is whether corporate executives, within the law, have other responsibilities in their companies apart from making money. It can be argued that they do not. A survey in many countries found 30 to 80 % of the respondents were in favor of this view. Friedmans arguments were considered as consequentialism rather than logical. It implied that unrestricted corporate freedom would be beneficial to many in the long term. However, Peter Drucker, a business author and consultant, observed that there are no separate integrities of business, nor is it required (Drucker, 2017). He implied that the standards of personal morals apply to a ll situations of activity. In other instances, he argues that the responsibility of corporates is not to cause harm to the society in which it operates. Businesses ought to exhibit corporate social responsibility, an umbrella term signifying that ethical conduct of firms must be guided by codes of responsible citizenship to the communities in which they operate. This is regardless of the cost associated with profits or any other company goals. Importance of the Code of Ethics and their Role in Modern Corporations. In many firms, the code of ethics serves numerous functions. At the level of the profession, it documents the principles according to which the position can be held to account for the conduct of the holders of the detailed post (Benn et al. 2014). Furthermore, the society has relegated control to many corporate bodies. The line of work has a code of ethics put in place to provide self-regulation to persons working for these companies. Additionally, the code of ethics provides a practical guide to members of a profession who are experiencing an ethical dilemma at a given circumstance. Where employees find themselves in a state of moral tension, it is evident that the code of ethics can help in providing counsel. It also ensures that corporations provide fair working conditions for their employees. This is important, especially for those who work with dangerous chemicals and machines. They should not be exploited at the expense of their safety. The existence of a code of ethics is useful because it provides the basis of a corporations ethical program that is intended to encourage ethical practices among its members. Some of the recommended practices include honesty and integrity. Furthermore, any organization may review its code of ethics by considering individuals that are subjected to it at the grass root levels. Their inputs and contributions can help ensure that the code achieves its intended purpose by being as detailed and comprehensive as possible (Leipziger, 2015). Any code of ethics ought to remain sensitive to changing values. Corporates depending on it for their continued sustenance on public support are, therefore, mandated to expand their likelihood of maintaining accountability. The code of ethics is useful especially for professionals in the corporate world because it can assist them when charged with misconduct or even in litigation. Demonstrated observance of the professional code of ethics is deemed to be an indication of the adherence to the principles of practice, which are consistent with professional rules. Suppose these methods result in harm, the code-abiding persons will be less likely to be guilty of having committed such wrongdoing. However, centered on the belief of trust, the public expects that the best professional judgment will be exercised. The code of ethics is associated with statutory force. This implies that it can be enforced via the administration of some degree of disciplinary action. Indeed, the concept of accountability and self-regulation that have been referred to previously are associated with some level of control that can be exercised by the corporation itself (Singh, 2011). Due to this nature of the code, some corporate organizations prefer to avoid these implications linked to the codes and go for guidelines. The latter associate guidance which has fewer consequences associated with it. Other entities avoid both codes and directives. Instead, they develop ethical declarations for their specific companies. The Role of the Code of Ethics in Modern Day Corporations Ethics is not about moral or legal responsibility. It has evolved to become organizations priority. Business leaders of today have a lot to deal with in the competitive world today. They have to keep abreast of rapid changes in the technological field, competition from their rivals, globalization, and the threats and opportunities in the industry. They must also keep tabs on the vision and mission of their organizations. In the midst of all this complex environment, it becomes difficult to find room for other top priorities such as ethics. However, for a corporation to succeed in the current era, it will have to implement a code of ethics that will make the moral code a priority. A code of ethics is useful in this case. Many modern organizations are now alert to the importance of ensuring ethical practices guide their ways of conducting their operations. Many have their lawyers formulate a corporate code of ethics programs that help detect and prevent violations of law and moral standards (Carroll and Buchholtz, 2014). Bearing in mind the sanctions and probation that may befall such organizations, it is, therefore, prudent to have guiding principles to ensure that corporations are not found on the wrong side. Such measures emphasize prevention of unwarranted conduct by increasing observation, control, and imposing penalties to those found in the wrong. There has been no objection to the necessity of a well-formulated compliance requirement for major corporations. Employees may be frustrated and frightened. However, leaders who use the law to guide ethical conducts act so in ignorance of the fundamental understanding of multifaceted legal issues. Take for instance a company like Samsung, operating in more than 75 countries. The franchise has its code of ethics that conforms to local laws and applies a strict global code to its employees. This has enabled the company to become one of the most successful in the global arena. Primary emphasis on having a code of ethics is that behavior is channeled towards a suitable direction. The underlying approach is meant to deter unwanted conduct (De George, 2011). People act rationally when they want to maximize their self-interests. They, however, act contrary to moral expectations when they want to legitimize their choices. Discipline is a fundamental part of any successful corporation. A code of ethics is useful because it justifies the penalties rendered for infringing on the legitimate norms. However, it may be counterproductive in some instances and may even cause employees to rebel against the organization. This happens in cases where the employees were not involved in the process of development and formulation of the code of ethics. Many people may be skeptical about the code of ethics that they view as a compliance program which management uses as a liability insurance. This conclusion is valid because many of such programs rarely consider the cause of delinquency. Modern day corporations embrace the code of ethics as a necessary tool for safeguarding their reputation (Collins, 2011). Strict adherence to the ethical conduct as stated helps them avoid bad publication on the media platforms. A perfect example is a challenge posed to the International Olympic Committee. There is a growing disillusionment with the games that are characterized by the worst scandals (Hunt, 2011). Athletes are willing to go to the extreme lengths to win the coveted medals by adopting unfair advantages over other competitors. The result is that they have faced the wrath of the unforgiving media houses. Corporations are held to a stouter standard based on veracity. Compliance may be based on avoiding legal sanctions. However, corporate integrity is rooted in the concept of self-governance that follows guiding principles such as the code of ethics. Their level of integrity can be determined based on guidelines that shape their day to day operations (Verhezen, 2010). A typical integrity strategy comprises of a conception of ethical practices, which is the driving force of an entity. Furthermore, the code of ethics is used to shape the search for prospects and the design of operational systems and policy. Those who oppose such kinds of ethical compliance argue that it is better to leave people to use their intuitions when faced with stressful situations as opposed to having the procedure laid down for them. Furthermore, they argue that some of the corporate policies under the banner of code of ethics are entrenched in the utilitarian view that limits the legal ability of a company (Fassin, 2011, 600). Moreover, they carry public favor by appearing as a good corporate citizen. Ideally, the corporations may not have problems, but in instances where it occurs, the corporation is likely to argue that it occurred because employees failed to follow the code of ethics. In addition to that, the disconnect may arise between the corporations code of ethics and the sound practices. Whether or not the code is sanctioned by the top management makes it deceitful. In most cases, it is used as a plain marketing tool. Jones and Parker, writers in the field of ethics, suggest that what many people read the name of the business code of ethics is a sentimental common sense or a set of excuses for the failure to be pleasant. They argue that many codes are procedural manuals that are not cognizant of the real ethical dilemmas that people in the corporations deal with. The United States of America Department of Commerce dealing with ethical business practices suggest that the code of ethics is a set of guidelines and procedure that ethics officers should follow. Other people argue that the code is simply meant for people to be ethical. However, according to Richard DeGeorge, a business author, a corporate code of ethics is and still important because the exercise of developing it in itself is worthwhile. This, he argues, that it forces a large number of individuals to rethink strategy freshly (Ciullia et al. 2011). Their mission and obligations, both in groups and as individuals, to their clients, and the society. Once adopted, the code can be used as a tool that generates continuing discussions and modifications where deemed necessary (DeGeorge, 2011). In addition to that, the discussions it generates is likely to inculcate a sense of perspective and responsibility in new employees, the need to have moral thinking about individual actions, and the significance of developing virtues considered to be appropriate in various capacities. Conclusion Many modern corporations are aware of the critical need to have a code of ethics under their cultural fabric, especially in this era where ethics is lacking in many organizations. Many have developed theirs, but there is still room for improvement. First, organizations must realize that they are obligated to ensure they are ethical in their practices. No matter how intelligent an entity may be, it is unacceptable to hurt others for selfish reasons. The code of ethics will find its place in institutions and corporations that make it a priority by putting in place relational expectations that work for everyones benefit. Organizations should seize the opportunity of shaping the future by influencing culture via institutionalizing ethical principles. Through the creation of a value-based culture within corporations, the society is likely to be improved through the positive influences that are perpetuated outside these corporations. References Benn, S., Dunphy, D. and Griffiths, A., 2014.Organizational change for corporate sustainability. Routledge. Carroll, A. and Buchholtz, A., 2014.Business and society: Ethics, sustainability, and stakeholder management. Nelson Education. Carroll, A.B. and Shabana, K.M., 2010. The business case for corporate social responsibility: A review of concepts, research and practice.International journal of management reviews,12(1), pp.85-105. Ciulla, J.B., Martin, C.W. and Solomon, R.C., 2011. Honest work: A business ethics reader. Collins, D., 2011.Business ethics: How to design and manage ethical organizations. John Wiley Sons. De George, R.T., 2011.Business ethics. Pearson Education India. De George, R.T., 2011.Business ethics. Pearson Education India. Derthick, M.A., 2011.Up in smoke: From legislation to litigation in tobacco politics. Sage. Drucker, P.F., 2017.The Theory of the Business (Harvard Business Review Classics). Harvard Business Press. Ely, R.J. and Rhode, D.L., 2010. Women and leadership.Handbook of leadership theory and practice, pp.377-410. Erwin, P.M., 2011. Corporate codes of conduct: The effects of code content and quality on ethical performance.Journal of Business Ethics,99(4), pp.535-548. Fassin, Y. and Buelens, M., 2011. The hypocrisy-sincerity continuum in corporate communication and decision making: A model of corporate social responsibility and business ethics practices.Management Decision,49(4), pp.586-600. Grappi, S., Romani, S. and Bagozzi, R.P., 2013. Consumer response to corporate irresponsible behavior: Moral emotions and virtues.Journal of business research,66(10), pp.1814-1821. Hunt, T.M., 2011.Drug games: The International Olympic Committee and the politics of doping, 19602008. University of Texas Press. Lawrence, A.T. and Weber, J., 2014.Business and society: Stakeholders, ethics, public policy. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Leipziger, D., 2015.The corporate responsibility code book. Greenleaf Publishing. Maon, F., Lindgreen, A. and Swaen, V., 2010. Organizational stages and cultural phases: A critical review and a consolidative model of corporate social responsibility development.International Journal of Management Reviews,12(1), pp.20-38. Painter?Morland, M., 2010. Questioning corporate codes of ethics.Business Ethics: A European Review,19(3), pp.265-279. Singh, J.B., 2011. Determinants of the effectiveness of corporate codes of ethics: An empirical study.Journal of Business Ethics,101(3), pp.385-395. Verhezen, P., 2010. Giving voice in a culture of silence. From a culture of compliance to a culture of integrity.Journal of Business Ethics,96(2), pp.187-206.